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TCP three-way handshake.

also: three-way handshake · TCP handshake · SYN · SYN-ACK

SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK: the exchange that opens a TCP connection, costing one round trip before the first request can go.

the two-minute refresher

Client sends SYN, server answers SYN-ACK, client sends ACK: then data can flow.
Cost: 1 RTT before the first request; NYC to London is about 80 ms.
TLS adds its own round trip(s) on top, which is why new connections are expensive.
Reusing connections (keep-alive, pools) avoids paying this on every request.

Where the course teaches it

W00 · Part 4Networking Fundamentals for System Designlearn it →

Related concepts

Connection pooling
TLS
QUIC